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A Meta-analytic Review of Research on Gender Differences in Sexuality 1993ã¢â‚¬â€œ2007

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Gender-based differences in the high-risk sexual behaviours of immature people aged 15-29 in Melilla (Spain): a cross-sectional written report

  • Emilio González-Jiménezi,
  • María C Mesa-Franco2 &
  • Inmaculada García-Garcíathree

BMC Public Health book 14, Article number:745 (2014) Cite this article

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Abstract

Background

Research confirms the existence of gender-based differences regarding the high-risk sexual behaviour (non-use of condoms and casual partners) of young men and women. The objectives were to provide show for this association; to analyse the reasons why both sexes have sexual relations with casual partners and to ascertain the motives for condom employ or not-use during casual sex.

Methods

A cross-sectional report was performed on a sample of 900 participants, 524 males and 376 females. All participants were 15-29 (20.93 ± four.071) years of age and came from four unlike centres (a university, two secondary schools, and a military machine base) in Melilla (Kingdom of spain). The participants were given a socio-demographic survey also as a psychometric text on high-risk sexual behaviour.

Results

The results found gender-based significant differences for sexual relations with penetration (p = 0.001), number of sexual partners (p = 0.001), and sexual relations with casual partners (p = 0.001). In all of these variables, male participants had higher percentages than female participants. Reasons for having coincidental sexual relations were as well different for men and women, differences were institute for the items, opportunity (p = 0.001), interest in knowing the other person (p = 0.015), physical excitement (p = 0.056) and drug consumption (p = 0.059). Regarding the reasons for consistent safe use with casual partners, there were differences for the particular, my demand of a safe (p = 0.002). For the non-use of condoms with casual partners, differences were plant for the items, I practice not similar to utilize condoms (p = 0.001) and condoms lessen sensitivity and reduce pleasance (p = 0.009).

Conclusions

Men and women were plant to have different high-risk sexual behaviours and practices. Of the motives for having sexual relations with casual partners, male participants considered opportunity and interest in knowing the other person to exist more important than the female participants. Regarding condom use, the female participants' demand to use a condom was a significant gender-based difference. In contrast to the young women, the male participants mostly justified not using a safe because it lessened sensitivity and reduced pleasure.

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Background

Research suggests that males and females express their sexuality differently [1] and behave differently when engaging in high-chance sexual practices. More specifically, young men tend to become sexually agile earlier. They also have a college number of casual partners than young women [2]. In contrast, females unremarkably accept sexual relations inside the context of a stable committed relationship, which is associated with beloved and trust [3]. They seem to feel a greater need of a stable partner to take sexual relations and tend to identify a greater value on his/her faithfulness [4]. Women as well tend to value amore and social position, whereas for men physical bewitchery is important [4]. In the same line, Larrañaga et al. [v] found that Spanish university students have gender-based sexual attitudes that make them reluctant to utilise contraceptive methods, particularly condoms. An increase in manlike every bit well as romantic attitudes in young people appears to contribute to the rejection of preventive measures in sexual relations.

According to Falah-Hassani et al. [six], young women tend to be meliorate informed about the risks of oral contraceptives (e.g. venous thromboembolic diseases) than their male counterparts. Hooke et al. [vii] found that 73% of young women took accuse of the utilise of contraceptives in contrast to 46% of young men. In improver, males did non have a negative perception of casual sex. This type of sexual relation occurs between people who are strangers or who are simply slightly acquainted with each other [8].

According to García-Carpintero et al. [ix], barrier contraceptives (eastward.g. condoms) are more oftentimes used by males and adolescents, mainly at the kickoff of sexual relations with a casual partner. Moreover, the fact that the condom is considered to be a male person contraceptive signifies that man tend to use it more than than women.

The study conducted past Rodríguez Carrión et al. [10] on sexual behaviours in a sample of 2,225 adolescents establish that condoms were the most frequently used contraceptive followed by nativity command pills. Of the sexually agile participants, 2% used no contraceptive method, 4% used the withdrawal method, and sixteen.6% reported using the morning-after pill.

Hooke et al. [7] also identified gender-related differences regarding the avoidance of pregnancy to explain the fact that females assumed greater responsibility for birth command than males. Other factors that influenced loftier-risk sexual practices (non-utilize of condom and casual partners) included the existence of concrete attraction or of an melancholia human relationship. Also mentioned were the level of sexual excitement during relations and the consumption of stimulants such as alcohol or drugs [xi, 12].

With regard to protection (STIs and pregnancy), Planes et al. [13] reported that the increased utilise of oral contraceptives has led to a corresponding decrease in the utilize of condoms. This suggests that immature people, in detail, women, are more worried most avoiding pregnancy than near becoming infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI). This indicates that immature people believe that the main problem related to their sexuality is adventure of pregnancy. Another caption for the non-use of condoms could be the existence of a stable relationship.

1 of the main reasons given by the participants for non using condoms included the lessening of sensitivity and sexual pleasure also as the fearfulness of being rejected by one's partner because of a lack of trust [fourteen]. This situation has contributed to a dramatic ascension in the prevalence of STIs in the youth and adult population. Other practices that could explain this situation are oral and anal sex [15, 16].

In fact, information technology is estimated that there are 333 million new cases in the globe each twelvemonth [17–xix]. In contempo years, the prevalence of STIs in adolescents living in the city of Melilla, Spanish exclave on the coast of N Africa, has soared. Co-ordinate to data published in the first semester of 2012 past the National Institute of Statistics (Spain) [xx], at that place are 90 diagnosed cases of HIV, due to injection drug use (62.2%), heterosexual contact (17.vii%), and homosexual contact involving men having sex with men (MSM) (10.2%). Other transmission categories are blood transfusion (ii.2%) and mother-to-child vertical transmission (two.ii%). Of the patients diagnosed, 78.8% are males and 21.1% are females.

Furthermore, co-ordinate to the Ministry of Health and Social Policy in Spain [21], in 2012 there were 109 voluntary interruptions of pregnancy (VIPs) in Melilla. X of these cases were females 15-19 years of historic period; 36 cases were females 20-24 years of age; 31 were females 25-29 years of age; and 32 were females xxx-44 years of age. Most of the women were single, and 30.27% had had at least 1 previous VIP. Interestingly, in Ceuta, a Spanish city besides located in Northward Africa, whose sociodemographic and cultural characteristics are very like to those of Melilla, in that location were just 38 cases of VIPs during the same fourth dimension period. This departure in the number of VIPs is ane of the reasons why it was decided to investigate sexual behaviour in Melilla.

The steadily increasing prevalence of STIs in people of younger ages underlines the need to examine the aspects involved in the adoption of high-risk sexual practices, based on gender [22]. Accordingly, the first objective of this report was to identify a possible clan between gender and high-gamble sexual practices. The 2nd objective was to analyse the motives of both males and females for having sexual relations with casual partners. The tertiary was to determine the aspects that conditioned condom use or not-use in coincidental sex.

Methods

Study design and sampling

A cross-sectional report was carried out in Melilla at 2 secondary schools, a branch of the National Distance Education University (UNED), the campus of the Academy of Granada, and a Spanish military base. In order to calculate optimal sample size, we consulted the ongoing census of the National Institute of Statistics (Spain), for 1 Jan 2013 [23]. According to the demography data, Melilla has 17,998 residents that are fifteen-29 years of age [24]. Assuming an error of 3%, information technology was estimated that our study required a sample population of approximately g participants of 15-29 years of age. The sample was finally composed of 900 subjects: 524 males (58.2%) and 376 females (41.8%).

All participants were 15-29 (20.93 ± 4.071) years of age and had previously agreed to reply 80% of the questions in the survey. Participants were excluded if they did not fall into this historic period range or if they refused to respond to the required number of items.

The report was carried out in 3 phases. During the first phase (six.5 months), the researchers obtained permission to access the secondary schools, universities, and military base where the data were to be nerveless. Meetings were held with the directors of each of the centres to explain the objectives of the written report and to schedule a date for a meeting with parents or guardians of students nether eighteen. During the second stage of the project (4 months), meetings were held with parents or guardians. After an caption of the study, they were given an informed consent form. During the tertiary stage (six months), the participants were asked to fill up out ii questionnaires.

2 data collection instruments were used. The first questionnaire collected socio-demographic data (age, gender, marital status, etc.), and the second specifically evaluated psychological variables and the high-hazard sexual behaviour of the participants. This musical instrument, created by Piña et al. [25], is based on Ribes'southward Psychological Model of Biological Wellness [26] for the prevention of illnesses. It includes historical and contextual variables (motives, biological states, and social situations) that describe and explain high-chance sexual behaviours. Variables with an impact on sexual behaviour included motivations, substance consumption (alcohol and drugs), and the influence of other individuals. The questionnaire contained 11 demographic items and 28 chance-behaviour items to which the participant could merely give one response in the different categories for each item. In the instance of the variable sexual relations with penetration, the item did not specify the blazon of penetration.

There were also 76 questions on contextual variables (i.due east. motives, social situations, and biological states) where the participant had the choice of three or four responses. For case, for concrete attraction equally a motive for having sexual relations with coincidental partners, participants could enter 1 of the following response options: Highly determining, Fairly determining, Slightly determining and Not determining. Here, determining was defined equally something (in this case, sexual attraction) that contributes to producing a consequence or behaviour (sexual relations). The modifiers highly, fairly, slightly, and not determining designate a four-point scale.

The conceptual validity of this instrument [25] was obtained by means of exploratory factor analysis with varimax rotation. There were three factors (i.east. readiness for sexual relations, motives for the non-utilise of condoms, and motives for condom utilize) with individual values higher than ane, which altogether accounted for 38.36% of the total variance, In the reliability analysis, the value of Cronbach's blastoff was 0.82

Statistical analyses

A descriptive analysis was performed by using percentages and frequencies for the category variables, mean, and typical deviation in the quantitative variables and contingency tables. A bivariate analysis of these data was performed, using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Ideals

This research was performed in strict compliance with the international code of medical ethics established by the World Medical Association and the Declaration of Helsinki. Upstanding approval for the behave of the study was obtained from the University of Granada. Data gathering processes followed standard ethical guidelines. Participants were assured that participation was voluntary and that the information provided by them would be kept completely anonymous and confidential. The participants (15-17 years of historic period) had the written say-so of their parents or guardians to participate in the written report whereas subjects that were 18 and older personally gave their written informed consent.

Results

The sample population had a mean historic period of 20.93 years (SD 4.71), and was distributed in the post-obit intervals: 364 (40.iv%) of the participants were 15-19 years old; 345 (38.3%) were twenty-24 years old; and 191 (21.two%) were 25-29 years old. Of these participants, 664 (73.ix%) were students; 137 (xv.2%) were in the armed forces; 33 (3.7%) had jobs; and 65 (7.2%) were unemployed.

Regarding sexual practices, according to gender (Table 1), the results showed that 59% of the participants (of a sample composed of 93.5% heterosexuals, three.5% homosexuals, 3% bisexuals) had had sexual intercourse with penetration. This was truthful for 78.7% of the male participants, which meant that there were statistically significant differences (p = 0.001) between the two sexes. In reference to the variable, condom apply during the offset sexual relation, there were no significant gender differences though a slightly higher percentage of men (79.one%) than women (78%) reported condom use in the commencement relation.

Table one High-risk sexual practices, according to gender

Full size table

With regard to frequency of condom utilize, no significant differences were found (p = 0.475) between sexes. More specifically, 33.9% of the female participants and 38.1% of the male participants said that they used a condom most of the time. In reference to number of sexual partners, there were significant differences (p = 0.001) betwixt both sexes. A full of 37.9% of the female participants reported intercourse with merely one partner, in contrast to 32.2% of the male person participants who said that they had had viii or more partners.

Significant gender differences were also found for sexual relations with coincidental partners (p = 0.001). In this regard, 55.two% of the women said that they had engaged in coincidental sex activity, in contrast to 74.7% of the men. For frequency of safe use with casual partners, at that place were no meaning gender-based differences (p = 0.212). More specifically, 49.one% of the female person participants and 56.six% of the male participants said that they e'er used a safety with coincidental partners.

With regards to the reasons for having casual sexual relations (Table 2), there were significant gender differences (p = 0.001) for the item opportunity. Opportunity in this context is understood as a time or condition favourable for a particular action (e.g. having coincidental sexual relations). It was found that 38.2% of the female participants regarded this item as adequately determining, whereas 63.7% of the males considered information technology to be very important. Consequently, for both males and females, opportunity was an important reason for engaging in casual sex activity. Pregnant differences between men and women were also found for the variable interest in knowing the other person (p = 0.015). For 30% of the women, this variable was slightly determining, whereas for 33.1% of the men, it was adequately determining.

Tabular array 2 Motives for men and women to have sexual relations with casual partners

Full size tabular array

In relation to concrete attraction, there were no significant differences between men and women (p = 0.835) since for both, this factor was highly determining. All the same, in the case of physical excitement, in that location were significant gender-based differences (p = 0.056). In fact, this item was highly determining for 49.1% of the female participants. In other words, females regarded physical excitement as an important reason for having sexual relations with coincidental partners. This was also the case for 62.1% of the male participants.

Alcohol consumption was generally not regarded as influential, every bit reflected in the lack of significant differences (p = 0.227) for both sexes. In reference to this item, 22.7% of the women and 24.3% of the men said that it was fairly determining. Even so, there were significant differences with regards to drug consumption, despite the fact that 84.five% of the female participants and 77.3% of the male person participants stated that this item was not determining.

In relation to the motives that led to the consequent use of condoms in casual sexual relations (Table 3), 84.5% of the women and 85.two% of the men affirmed that avoidance of pregnancy was very important. Thus, in that location were no significant gender differences (p = 0.954). Neither were in that location differences betwixt sexes with regards to prevention of STIs. This particular was as well very of import for 89.v% of the women and 86.2% of the men.

Table 3 Motives for men and women to consistently use condoms in sexual relations with casual partners

Total size tabular array

Nevertheless, for the variable, my need of a safety, there were gender-based differences (p = 0.002). A total of 64.nine% of the female participants regarded this detail every bit highly determining in contrast to 43% of the male subjects. In the case when the partner requested the utilize of a safety (partner's demand of a condom), 29.8% of the women said that the fact that the other person asked to use a condom was slightly determining followed by 34.nine% of the men who regarded it as fairly determining with regard to the consistent use of condoms with casual partners.

In reference to the motives for consistently not using a condom in sexual relations with casual partners (Tabular array 4), there were significant differences between sexes (p = 0.001). For 50% of the women, the reason, I do non like to use a safety did non influence rubber use. However, for 28% of the men, this reason was very of import. Regarding the reason, my partner refused to apply ane, 44.viii% of the women stated that this factor was non determining, followed past 30.5% of the men who regarded it every bit fairly determining or non determining.

Table four Motives for men and women to consistently not use a safe with casual partners

Full size table

However, there were pregnant differences between sexes for the reason, a condom lessens sensitivity and reduces pleasance (p = 0.009). Thus, for 32.8% of the female person participants and 52.5% of the male subjects, this was a very important motive for non using condoms. For the reason, I did not accept a safe at the time, there were no significant gender-based differences (p = 0.235). A total of 39.7% of the women and 29.6% of the men regarded this reason every bit very important in the consistent utilize of condoms with casual partners.

Discussion

The results obtained in this study were similar to the findings of previous research [27, 28]. They identified the beingness of an association betwixt gender and high-chance sexual behaviour and practices. A high percentage of male heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual participants reported sexual intercourse with penetration, and reported a greater number of sexual partners than the female participants. This is consistent with Bermúdez, et al. [29] and López, et al. [30], who highlight that male person adolescents are more interested than female adolescents in sexual practices in affective relations. However, in this study, no significant differences were establish in the utilise of condoms in the outset sexual relation. This contrasts with previous research [31]. Withal, the number of men who alleged that they had had sexual activity with coincidental partners was considerably higher. This is consistent with other studies that found that men have a greater trend to engage in loftier-adventure sexual behaviour [32–34].

With regards to the participants' reasons for having casual sex, our results institute that there were significant differences that were gender-based. More specifically, opportunity, interest in knowing the other person, physical excitement, and drug consumption were constitute to be the chief factors in which men and women differed with regard to having sexual relations with casual partners.

In a study of a sample of 423 university students, Piña & Rivera [35] plant that young men who practiced sexual relations with strangers had a social motivation (disinhibition and alcohol or drug consumption). In dissimilarity to the young women, the motivation was biological since they engaged in casual sex because they felt physically excited. These results are consistent with Valdés et al. [36], who found that this high-risk sexual practice is increasingly prevalent among adolescents. In many cases, it is due to a lack of information almost the health risks involved. Moreover, in a study of 1559 university students, Robles et al. [37] constitute the subjects who engaged in casual sexual activity more oftentimes adduced reasons for not using protection.

The results of our study showed that booze consumption was not a determining gene for having sexual relations with casual partners. In contrast, enquiry carried out in other countries (United States, Colombia, and the United Kingdom) [38, 39] reported a correlation between alcohol consumption and an increment in high-risk sexual practices in immature people. Similarly, studies have also found that when there is the prospect of a sexual encounter, immature people may consume drugs in larger quantities and thus could exist more disposed to high-take a chance sexual behaviours [40, 41]. Consequently, immature people may non be enlightened of the take a chance involved when they engage in sexual relations under the influence of alcohol or any other drug.

Regarding the use of condoms with casual partners, our results showed pregnant differences between men and women. The most important reason for using a safety during coincidental sex was that the partner requested its use during the sexual relation (partner'southward need of a condom). These results support those of previous research [42, 43]. Similarly, in a study of a sample of 3530 university students, Ballester et al. [44] concluded that the young women perceived themselves as having a college level of self-efficacy. In this context, this means that they had greater belief in their decision-making capacity with regards to condom utilise. In contrast, men merely felt more competent when it was a question of purchasing condoms.

The main factors that motivated the not-use of condoms in casual sex were I practise non like to use a condom and a prophylactic lessens sensitivity and reduces pleasure. In fact, this last reason was considered to exist very important for 32.viii% of the women and 52.v% of the men. These results support the data nerveless in other studies [45]. The non-use of condoms may or may not vary, according to gender every bit found in previous inquiry [46, 47].

Similarly, Dávila et al. [48] state that the motives for condom apply can interfere with preventive behaviours. Fierros et al. [49] studied sexual activity with casual partners in a sample population of academy students. They constitute that the female person participants connected to practice high-gamble sexual behaviours that could lead to an HIV infection since there was little possibility of their adopting protective measures with casual partners with whom they were barely acquainted. Feelings of attraction and momentary physical excitement prevented the women from engaging in protected sex.

Limitations of the study

The main limitations of this study were its cross-exclusive nature combined with the lack of data with regard to the preparation received by the participants and their sexual cognition. Other important limitations were the small size of the sample and the collection of information past cocky-reporting, peculiarly in reference to such a delicate topic. In future research it will exist necessary to take into account the multicultural identity of the territory since this could determine conclusions in relation to sexual tendencies.

Conclusions

Men and women engage in high-adventure sexual practices and behaviours for very diverse reasons. It is necessary to consider these reasons in the pattern and implementation of preventive measures. Concerning the motives for having sexual relations with casual partners, male participants considered opportunity and interest in knowing the other person to be more important than the female person participants. Regarding condom utilize, the female person subjects' demand of condom use was a significant gender-based deviation. In contrast to the young women, the male person participants generally justified not using a condom because it lessened sensitivity and reduced pleasure. At that place are similarities between the results obtained in this written report and those of other studies of sexual partners and gender. However, concerning motives for engaging in sexual relations, the results of previous research are far from uniform. In this sense, health promotion programs in education centers should recommend and sponsor activities that make young people aware of the demand to use condoms in sexual contacts. In this sense, information technology is necessary to continue working to eradicate high-risk sexual behaviour and to foment a more equal, satisfying, and safer sexuality. Time to come research will evaluate the impact of educational programs on young people and their sexual behaviour.

Abbreviations

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

STI:

Sexually transmitted infections

UNED:

National Altitude Educational activity University

INE:

National Found of Statistics.

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Acknowledgements

Nosotros are grateful to schools students, university students, and members of the armed forces for their collaboration in the evolution of this written report. This study did non receive financing for its development.

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    Affiliations

    1. Department of Nursing, Kinesthesia of Nursing, C/ Santander N° one (52071), University of Granada, Melilla, Espana

      Esperanza Romero-Estudillo & Emilio González-Jiménez

    2. Department of Evolutionary Psychology and Education, Faculty of Education Scientific discipline, Campus Universitario de La Cartuja, s/due north (18071), Academy of Granada, Granada, Spain

      María C Mesa-Franco

    3. Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Av/ Madrid s/n (18071), University of Granada, Granada, Spain

      Inmaculada García-García

    Respective author

    Correspondence to Emilio González-Jiménez.

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    The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

    Authors' contributions

    ER-E designed and conducted the report. IG-G performed the statistical analyses. EG-J drafted the manuscript. All authors interpreted the results. MCM-F and IG-Thou critically revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the last manuscript.

    Esperanza Romero-Estudillo, Emilio González-Jiménez contributed equally to this work.

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    Romero-Estudillo, Eastward., González-Jiménez, East., Mesa-Franco, Thousand.C. et al. Gender-based differences in the high-chance sexual behaviours of young people aged 15-29 in Melilla (Spain): a cross-exclusive study. BMC Public Health 14, 745 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-fourteen-745

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    Keywords

    • Gender
    • Sexual behaviour
    • Take chances behaviour
    • Young people

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